100% renewable energy in Japan

Japan has committed to carbon neutrality by 2050. Emissions from the electricity sector amount 42% of total. Solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind comprise three quarters global net capacity additions because low falling prices. This provides an opportunity for make large reductions in emissions while also reducing its dependence on energy imports. study shows that 14 times more solar offshore resources than needed supply 100% renewable electricity. A 40 year hourly balance model is presented Japan's system using historical data. Pumped hydro storage, high voltage interconnection dispatchable (hydro, biomass hydrogen energy) are included variable generation demand. Differential evolution used find least-cost solution under various constraints. The levelized cost found be USD 86 per MWh a PV-dominated system, 110 wind-dominated system. These costs can compared with average prices spot market 102 MWh. In summary, self-sufficient at competitive costs.